{"id":5127,"date":"2025-07-31T08:07:00","date_gmt":"2025-07-31T02:37:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/apicalclasses.com\/?p=5127"},"modified":"2025-08-07T10:57:05","modified_gmt":"2025-08-07T05:27:05","slug":"subject-polity-ch3-contemporary-south-asia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/apicalclasses.com\/subject-polity-ch3-contemporary-south-asia\/","title":{"rendered":"Subject polity ch6 SECURITY"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>What is Security?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Security implies freedom from threats<\/strong>, but not every threat is a security threat.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Only <strong>threats to core values<\/strong> should be considered security threats.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The definition of <strong>&#8220;core values&#8221; varies<\/strong> between entities (e.g., a state vs. citizens).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Threats to core values can vary in <strong>intensity<\/strong>; every value can face both big and small threats.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A very <strong>broad view of security<\/strong> (treating every threat as a security issue) can become overwhelming.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hence, <strong>security focuses on extremely dangerous threats<\/strong> that may irreparably damage core values.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The <strong>concept of security has evolved<\/strong> over time and differs among societies.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Not all societies in a historical period have <strong>the same understanding of security<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>There is a distinction between <strong>traditional and non-traditional<\/strong> conceptions of security.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Traditional Notions: External Focus<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Focus on <strong>national security<\/strong>, especially from <strong>external threats<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Greatest danger seen as <strong>military threats from other countries<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Military threats endanger <strong>sovereignty, independence, and territorial integrity<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ordinary citizens&#8217; lives<\/strong> are also at risk during military conflicts.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Government Options in Response to War Threats:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Surrender<\/strong>, <strong>Deterrence<\/strong>, or <strong>Defense<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Surrender is rarely promoted as official national policy.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Security policy<\/strong> aims to:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Prevent war<\/strong> through deterrence.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Limit\/end war<\/strong> through defense.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Balance of Power:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>A third component of traditional security policy.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Countries assess <strong>relative strength<\/strong> to identify future threats.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Even without open hostility, a neighbor\u2019s <strong>growing power<\/strong> may signal future aggression.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Governments are sensitive to power balances, especially with:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Neighbors<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Nations with past conflicts<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Countries with current differences<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Military power<\/strong> is central to maintaining balance.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Economic and technological power<\/strong> are also crucial, as foundations of military strength.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Alliance Building:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>A <strong>fourth component<\/strong> of traditional security policy.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Alliances are <strong>coalitions of states<\/strong> coordinating to deter or defend against attacks.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Usually formalized by <strong>written treaties<\/strong>, based on identifying the threat.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Formed to <strong>increase collective power<\/strong> against another state or alliance.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Alliances are based on <strong>national interest<\/strong> and may change over time.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Example<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The <strong>U.S. supported Islamic militants in Afghanistan<\/strong> against the USSR in the 1980s.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Later, it <strong>attacked them post-9\/11<\/strong> when Al Qaeda led by Osama bin Laden launched terrorist attacks.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>International System and Security:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Traditional view: <strong>Most threats come from outside a country\u2019s borders<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The <strong>international system lacks a central authority<\/strong> to control behavior, unlike domestic governments.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>The UN<\/strong> is not a central authority in world politics \u2013 it gets authority from its member states and is <strong>limited by their actions<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Thus, in global politics, <strong>each country is responsible for its own security<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0924\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0916\u0924\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0939\u0930 \u0916\u0924\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0916\u0924\u0930\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0935\u0947 \u0916\u0924\u0930\u0947 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 <strong>&#8220;\u092e\u0942\u0932\u092d\u0942\u0924 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f&#8221;<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0941\u0915\u0938\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0916\u0924\u0930\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>&#8220;\u092e\u0942\u0932 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902&#8221;<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0913\u0902 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902) \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0916\u0924\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 <strong>\u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0905\u0932\u0917-\u0905\u0932\u0917<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948; \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092f\u093e \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u0916\u0924\u0930\u0947 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0926\u093f \u0939\u092e \u0939\u0930 \u0916\u0924\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0926\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u094b \u092f\u0939 <strong>\u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u092c\u094b\u091d\u093f\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932<\/strong> \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f, \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0909\u0928 <strong>\u092c\u0947\u0939\u0926 \u0916\u0924\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0915 \u0916\u0924\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/strong> \u091c\u094b \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0942\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0932\u0917-\u0905\u0932\u0917 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0910\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 <strong>\u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u091d \u090f\u0915 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940<\/strong>\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0940 <strong>\u092a\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u0948\u0930-\u092a\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915<\/strong> \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092a\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u090f\u0901: \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0916\u0924\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 <strong>\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0915\u0930 <strong>\u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0916\u0924\u0930\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u092a\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0916\u0924\u0930\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 <strong>\u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u0948\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0916\u0924\u0930\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u0948\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0916\u0924\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u0947 <strong>\u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u0941\u0924\u093e, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0916\u0902\u0921\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u0916\u0924\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928<\/strong> \u092d\u0940 \u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0916\u0924\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0921\u093c \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0947 \u0916\u0924\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092a\u091f\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u092a\u0923<\/strong>, <strong>\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927<\/strong>, \u092f\u093e <strong>\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/strong>\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u092a\u0923 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092d\u0940 <strong>\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u093c\u0930\u093f\u090f \u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0928\u093e<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u093c\u0930\u093f\u090f \u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u092f\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092a\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e <strong>\u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u093e \u0918\u091f\u0915<\/strong>\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0926\u0947\u0936 <strong>\u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0916\u0924\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092d\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0938\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0936\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0924\u093e\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0907\u0930\u093e\u0926\u0947 \u0928 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u090f, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 <strong>\u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/strong> \u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u0924\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0932\u0947\u0915\u0930 <strong>\u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0915\u0930:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0938\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 <strong>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937<\/strong> \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0938\u0947 <strong>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0924\u092d\u0947\u0926<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0948\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/strong> \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/strong> \u092d\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u0940 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092f\u0947 \u0938\u0948\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0924\u093e\u0915\u0924 \u0915\u0940 <strong>\u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0917\u0920\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092a\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e <strong>\u091a\u094c\u0925\u093e \u0918\u091f\u0915<\/strong>\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0917\u0920\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0935\u0947 <strong>\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0906\u092a\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u092e\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0915\u093e\u092c\u0932\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0947 \u0906\u092e\u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 <strong>\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0914\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f <strong>\u0916\u0924\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0926\u0947\u0936 <strong>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0942\u0939\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u0947<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0917\u0920\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0926\u0947\u0936 \u092f\u093e \u0917\u0920\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0947 \u0917\u0920\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 <strong>\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0939\u093f\u0924\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>1980 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0936\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0928\u0947 \u0905\u092b\u0917\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094b\u0935\u093f\u092f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0918 \u0915\u0947 \u0916\u093f\u0932\u093e\u092b \u0907\u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u0906\u0924\u0902\u0915\u0935\u093e\u0926\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/strong>\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 <strong>11 \u0938\u093f\u0924\u0902\u092c\u0930 2001<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u0913\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e \u092c\u093f\u0928 \u0932\u093e\u0926\u0947\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0947\u0924\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u0905\u0932-\u0915\u093e\u092f\u0926\u093e<\/strong> \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0906\u0924\u0902\u0915\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0939\u092e\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u092e\u0932\u093e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092a\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094b <strong>\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u0930 \u0916\u0924\u0930\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0947<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e<\/strong>, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 (\u092f\u0942\u090f\u0928)<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 <strong>\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong> \u0939\u0948 \u2013 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 <strong>\u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f, <strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0926\u093e\u0930<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html lang=\"en\">\n<head>\n  <meta charset=\"UTF-8\">\n  <title>Advanced Age Calculator<\/title>\n  <style>\n    body {\n      font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\n      background-color: #f0f8ff;\n      color: #333;\n      padding: 30px;\n    }\n    .container {\n      background-color: white;\n      padding: 25px;\n      border-radius: 10px;\n      box-shadow: 0 0 15px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);\n      max-width: 500px;\n      margin: auto;\n    }\n    h2 {\n      color: #2e8b57;\n    }\n    label {\n      font-weight: bold;\n    }\n    input[type=\"date\"] {\n      padding: 8px;\n      margin: 10px 0;\n      width: 220px;\n      font-size: 16px;\n    }\n    button {\n      padding: 10px 20px;\n      background-color: #2e8b57;\n      color: white;\n      border: none;\n      cursor: pointer;\n      font-weight: bold;\n      font-size: 16px;\n    }\n    button:hover {\n      background-color: #1e6843;\n    }\n    #result {\n      margin-top: 20px;\n      font-size: 18px;\n      color: #006699;\n      font-weight: bold;\n    }\n  <\/style>\n<\/head>\n<body>\n  <div class=\"container\">\n    <h2>\ud83d\udd52 Advanced Age Calculator<\/h2>\n    <label for=\"dob\">Select Your Date of Birth:<\/label><br>\n    <input type=\"date\" id=\"dob\"><br><br>\n    <button onclick=\"calculateAge()\">Calculate Full Age<\/button>\n    <div id=\"result\"><\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <script>\n    function calculateAge() {\n      const dobInput = document.getElementById(\"dob\").value;\n      if (!dobInput) {\n        document.getElementById(\"result\").innerHTML = \"\u2757 Please select your date of birth.\";\n        return;\n      }\n\n      const dob = new Date(dobInput);\n      const now = new Date();\n\n      if (dob > now) {\n        document.getElementById(\"result\").innerHTML = \"\u2757 Date of birth cannot be in the future.\";\n        return;\n      }\n\n      const diffMs = now - dob;\n      const totalDays = Math.floor(diffMs \/ (1000 * 60 * 60 * 24)); \/\/ Total days\n\n      let years = now.getFullYear() - dob.getFullYear();\n      let months = now.getMonth() - dob.getMonth();\n      let days = now.getDate() - dob.getDate();\n      let hours = now.getHours() - dob.getHours();\n      let minutes = now.getMinutes() - dob.getMinutes();\n      let seconds = now.getSeconds() - dob.getSeconds();\n\n      if (seconds < 0) {\n        seconds += 60;\n        minutes--;\n      }\n\n      if (minutes < 0) {\n        minutes += 60;\n        hours--;\n      }\n\n      if (hours < 0) {\n        hours += 24;\n        days--;\n      }\n\n      if (days < 0) {\n        months--;\n        const prevMonth = new Date(now.getFullYear(), now.getMonth(), 0).getDate();\n        days += prevMonth;\n      }\n\n      if (months < 0) {\n        months += 12;\n        years--;\n      }\n\n      document.getElementById(\"result\").innerHTML =\n        `\ud83c\udf82 You are <strong>${years}<\/strong> years, <strong>${months}<\/strong> months, <strong>${days}<\/strong> days,<br>\n        <strong>${hours}<\/strong> hours, <strong>${minutes}<\/strong> minutes, <strong>${seconds}<\/strong> seconds old.<br><br>\n        \ud83d\udcc6 <strong>Total Days:<\/strong> ${totalDays} days`;\n    }\n  <\/script>\n<\/body>\n<\/html>\n\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Traditional Notions: Internal Security<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Internal peace is crucial for overall national security.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Traditional security focused more on external threats (wars, invasions).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Post-WWII, major powers (USA, USSR, Western Europe) felt internally stable.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Their main concern was external \u2013 especially during the Cold War.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Colonies like Vietnam (French) and Kenya (British) saw internal resistance.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>After independence, new nations adopted similar external security concerns.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Many joined Cold War alliances fearing attacks from neighbors or superpowers.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1\/3rd of post-WWII wars were due to Cold War rivalries.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Newly free nations feared attacks from former colonial powers.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>These nations prepared for both imperial and regional conflicts.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Security Concerns of Newly-Independent Countries<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Faced both <strong>external threats<\/strong> (borders, neighbors) and <strong>internal threats<\/strong> (separatism).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Internal issues often supported by hostile neighbors \u2013 making both threats interconnected.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Internal wars (civil wars) became dominant \u2013 95% of all conflicts.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Between 1946\u20131991: civil wars increased 12 times globally.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Handling internal and external security became a major challenge for new nations.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092a\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0923: \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0916\u0924\u0930\u094b\u0902 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927, \u0906\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923) \u092a\u0930 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 (\u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e, \u0938\u094b\u0935\u093f\u092f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0918, \u092a\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u092e\u0940 \u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a) \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0939\u094b \u0917\u0908\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0921\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0916\u0924\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0925\u093e, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u0940\u0924 \u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092f\u0924\u0928\u093e\u092e (\u092b\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938) \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e (\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u0947\u0928) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u0947 \u0906\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0928\u0935\u094b\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0923 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u092e\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0921\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u0940\u0924 \u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0948\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u090f\u0915-\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0908 \u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0936\u0940\u0924 \u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0925\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0928\u0935 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0916\u0924\u0930\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0938\u0942\u0938 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0916\u0924\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0928\u0935 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 (\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937, \u092a\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0938\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0916\u0924\u0930\u093e) \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 (\u0905\u0932\u0917\u093e\u0935\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928) \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u0916\u0924\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u0936\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e \u2013 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0947 \u0916\u0924\u0930\u0947 \u0906\u092a\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0925\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 (\u0917\u0943\u0939\u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927) \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0939\u094b \u0917\u090f \u2013 \u0915\u0941\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e 95%\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1946 \u0938\u0947 1991 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0926\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u0943\u0939\u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e 12 \u0917\u0941\u0928\u093e \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0935 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u094c\u0924\u0940 \u092c\u0928 \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83c\udf10 <strong>Traditional Security: Key Points<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Cooperation is possible<\/strong> to reduce violence in conflicts.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>War should only be for just causes<\/strong> like self-defense or preventing genocide.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Force must be limited<\/strong> \u2013 avoid targeting civilians or using excessive violence.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Non-combatants and surrendering soldiers must not be harmed.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Use of violence = last resort.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83d\uded1 <strong>Disarmament &amp; Arms Control<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Disarmament:<\/strong> Giving up specific weapons to reduce threats.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>E.g., <strong>BWC (1972)<\/strong> &amp; <strong>CWC (1992)<\/strong> ban bio &amp; chemical weapons.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Arms Control:<\/strong> Limiting weapon development\/use, not full disarmament.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>E.g., <strong>ABM Treaty (1972)<\/strong> \u2013 restricted missile defense systems.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>SALT II<\/strong> &amp; <strong>START<\/strong> \u2013 aimed at reducing US\u2013USSR strategic weapons.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u2622\ufe0f <strong>Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) \u2013 1968<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Stops spread of nuclear weapons.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Allows only pre-1967 nuclear states to possess nukes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Promotes disarmament &amp; peaceful nuclear energy use.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Widely accepted global treaty for nuclear control.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83c\udf10 <strong>\u092a\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e: \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0939\u093f\u0902\u0938\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/strong> \u2013 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0939\u093f\u0902\u0938\u093e \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/strong> \u2013 \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0906\u092e \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u092a\u0923 \u0915\u0930 \u091a\u0941\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0948\u0928\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0941\u0915\u0938\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0939\u093f\u0902\u0938\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83d\uded1 <strong>\u0905\u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0905\u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u0925\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0917\u0928\u093e, \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0916\u0924\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: <strong>\u091c\u0948\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u0925\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0927\u093f (1972)<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u0925\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0927\u093f (1992)<\/strong>\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0936\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u0939\u0925\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e, \u0928 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: <strong>ABM \u0938\u0902\u0927\u093f (1972)<\/strong> \u2013 \u092e\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>SALT II<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong>START<\/strong> \u2013 \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094b\u0935\u093f\u092f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0918 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0930\u0923\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u0925\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u091f\u094c\u0924\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u2622\ufe0f <strong>\u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0927\u093f (NPT) \u2013 1968<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0939\u0925\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 1967 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83c\udf10 <strong>Non-Traditional Security (NTS)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Goes beyond military threats; includes social, economic, environmental issues.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Focus shifts from <strong>state security<\/strong> \u2192 <strong>individual and global security<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Also called <strong>human security<\/strong> or <strong>global security<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83d\udc64 <strong>Human Security<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Focuses on safety of individuals, not just states.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Includes protection from violence <strong>and<\/strong> non-violent threats (e.g. poverty, disease).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Two main aspects:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Freedom from fear<\/strong> (violence, war)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Freedom from want<\/strong> (poverty, hunger)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83d\udccc <strong>Types of Human Security Approaches<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Narrow view<\/strong>: Focus on protection from internal violence.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Broad view<\/strong>: Includes hunger, health, dignity, and natural disasters.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83c\udf0d <strong>Global Security<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Refers to global threats like:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Climate change<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Terrorism<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pandemics (e.g., COVID-19, bird flu)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Requires <strong>international cooperation<\/strong>\u2014no single country can handle alone.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Vulnerable regions (e.g., Maldives, Bangladesh) need special attention.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83c\udf10 <strong>\u0917\u0948\u0930-\u092a\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e (Non-Traditional Security)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0938\u0948\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0916\u0924\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u2013 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915, \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092d\u0940 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 <strong>\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u091f\u0915\u0930 \u2192 <strong>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/strong> \u092a\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u0947 <strong>\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/strong> \u092f\u093e <strong>\u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/strong> \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83d\udc64 <strong>\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e (Human Security)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, <strong>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0939\u093f\u0902\u0938\u093e <strong>\u0914\u0930<\/strong> \u0917\u0948\u0930-\u0939\u093f\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0916\u0924\u0930\u094b\u0902 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0930\u0940\u092c\u0940, \u092c\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0930\u0940) \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0926\u094b \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0942:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0921\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/strong> (\u0939\u093f\u0902\u0938\u093e, \u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091c\u0930\u0942\u0930\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/strong> (\u092d\u0941\u0916\u092e\u0930\u0940, \u0917\u0930\u0940\u092c\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83d\udccc <strong>\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0923<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0923<\/strong>: \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0938\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0923<\/strong>: \u092d\u0941\u0916\u092e\u0930\u0940, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f, \u0917\u0930\u093f\u092e\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u092a\u0926\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83c\udf0d <strong>\u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e (Global Security)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0926\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0916\u0924\u0930\u0947:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0906\u0924\u0902\u0915\u0935\u093e\u0926<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092e\u0939\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0935\u093f\u0921-19, \u092c\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u092b\u094d\u0932\u0942)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f <strong>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong> \u091c\u093c\u0930\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u2013 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0905\u0915\u0947\u0932\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u092a\u091f \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902 (\u092e\u093e\u0932\u0926\u0940\u0935, \u092c\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0926\u0947\u0936), \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>New Sources of Threats \u2013 Non-Traditional Security &amp; Terrorism<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Non-traditional security focuses on evolving threats like terrorism, poverty, epidemics, and climate change.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Terrorism is political violence targeting civilians to spread fear.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>International terrorism crosses borders and affects multiple nations.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Terrorist groups use violence or threats to alter political systems.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Civilian targets are chosen to destabilize governments via fear.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Common acts: hijackings, bombings in public spaces.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>9\/11 attacks highlighted global terror but it&#8217;s not a new issue.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Major terror zones: Middle East, Europe, Latin America, South Asia.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83d\udc65 <strong>Human Rights &amp; Intervention<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Human rights are classified into:\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Political rights (e.g., free speech)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Economic &amp; social rights<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Rights of colonized\/minorities<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Disagreement exists on which rights are universal.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>No global consensus on intervention during violations.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Events like Rwanda genocide, Iraq-Kuwait war raised intervention debates.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Some say UN can use force to protect rights; others claim powerful nations act based on their interests.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83c\udf0d <strong>Global Poverty &amp; Insecurity<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Poverty is a key cause of global insecurity.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>World population projected to reach ~10 billion by mid-21st century.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>6 countries (India, China, Pakistan, Nigeria, Bangladesh, Indonesia) drive half the growth.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Poor countries&#8217; population may triple; rich countries may shrink.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>North-South divide is widening in income and development.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sub-Saharan Africa sees major armed conflicts and deaths.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83d\udeb6\u200d\u2642\ufe0f <strong>Poverty, Migration &amp; Refugees<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Poverty fuels migration from South to North for better livelihoods.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Migration causes political tensions between nations.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Legal distinction:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Migrants<\/strong> \u2013 voluntary<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Refugees<\/strong> \u2013 forced (war, disasters, persecution)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Refugees are accepted by law; migrants are optional.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) remain within their country.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Refugee movements mirror conflict zones (e.g., 1990s internal wars).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>From 1990\u201395, ~5.5 million died in 93 wars across 70 countries.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83e\udda0 <strong>Health Epidemics &amp; Security<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Diseases (HIV\/AIDS, SARS, bird flu) spread via travel, trade, etc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>One country&#8217;s failure to control spread affects others.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>By 2003: ~40 million infected with HIV\/AIDS (mostly in Africa\/South Asia).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Drug treatments helped in rich countries but were inaccessible in poor regions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>New diseases (Ebola, hepatitis C) emerged; old ones (TB, malaria) became drug-resistant.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Animal epidemics (mad cow, bird flu) hurt economies.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Shows interdependence and need for global cooperation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83d\udd0e <strong>Expanding the Security Concept<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Not all problems can be labeled \u201csecurity\u201d issues.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>An issue must pose existential threat (e.g., to a state or population).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Threats vary by context:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Maldives fears rising seas.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Southern Africa fears HIV\/AIDS.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Security priorities differ by local needs and conditions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83d\udd10 <strong>\u0916\u0924\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u090f \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u2013 \u0917\u0948\u0930-\u092a\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0924\u0902\u0915\u0935\u093e\u0926<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0917\u0948\u0930-\u092a\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0924\u0902\u0915\u0935\u093e\u0926, \u0917\u0930\u0940\u092c\u0940, \u092e\u0939\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0930\u0940, \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0916\u0924\u0930\u0947 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0906\u0924\u0902\u0915\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0921\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0938\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0906\u0924\u0902\u0915\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0908 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0906\u0924\u0902\u0915\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0938\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0927\u092e\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0906\u092e \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0928\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0936 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0906\u092e \u0939\u092e\u0932\u0947: \u0939\u093e\u0908\u091c\u0948\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u092e \u0927\u092e\u093e\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>9\/11 \u0928\u0947 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0924\u0902\u0915\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u091c\u093e\u0917\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u0908 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0925\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0906\u0924\u0902\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930: \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a, \u0932\u0948\u091f\u093f\u0928 \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e, \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923 \u090f\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83d\udc65 <strong>\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0901\u091f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948:\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u2013 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0915\u094c\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u092d\u094c\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2013 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0902\u0918\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0915\u094b \u0932\u0947\u0915\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u092e\u0924\u092d\u0947\u0926 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0902\u0921\u093e \u0928\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0939\u093e\u0930, \u0907\u0930\u093e\u0915-\u0915\u0941\u0935\u0948\u0924 \u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u0939\u0938 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0908\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0915\u0941\u091b \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f UN \u0915\u094b \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0924\u093e\u0915\u0924\u0935\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0926\u092e \u0909\u0920\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83c\udf0d <strong>\u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0917\u0930\u0940\u092c\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0917\u0930\u0940\u092c\u0940 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>21\u0935\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0924\u0915 \u091c\u0928\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e ~10 \u0905\u0930\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924, \u091a\u0940\u0928, \u092a\u093e\u0915\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0928, \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091c\u0940\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u092c\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0926\u0947\u0936, \u0907\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0928\u0947\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e \u2013 \u0907\u0928 6 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u0940 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0939\u094b\u0917\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0917\u0930\u0940\u092c \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u092c\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0917\u0941\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u092e\u0940\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u092e\u0940 \u0906 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930-\u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0917\u0939\u0930\u093e \u0939\u094b \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u092c-\u0938\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0943\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0941 \u0915\u0940 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u094b \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83d\udeb6\u200d\u2642\ufe0f <strong>\u0917\u0930\u0940\u092c\u0940, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u091f<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0932\u093e\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0938\u0940<\/strong> \u2013 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0947\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0936\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940<\/strong> \u2013 \u092e\u091c\u092c\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 (\u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927, \u0906\u092a\u0926\u093e, \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0940\u0921\u093c\u0928)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0936\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0928\u0942\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0938\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0932\u094b\u0917 (IDPs) \u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1990 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0936\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0936\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u091f \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1990\u201395 \u092e\u0947\u0902 70 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 93 \u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 ~55 \u0932\u093e\u0916 \u0932\u094b\u0917 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0917\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83e\udda0 <strong>\u092e\u0939\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0930\u094b\u0917 (HIV\/AIDS, SARS, \u092c\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u092b\u094d\u0932\u0942) \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092b\u0948\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u090f\u0915 \u0926\u0947\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092b\u0948\u0932\u093e\u0935 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0926\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>2003 \u0924\u0915 ~4 \u0915\u0930\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0932\u094b\u0917 HIV\/AIDS \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0925\u0947 (\u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093e\u0924\u0930 \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923 \u090f\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0932\u093e\u091c \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0925\u093e, \u092a\u0930 \u0917\u0930\u0940\u092c \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0932 \u092a\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0928\u090f \u0930\u094b\u0917 (\u0907\u092c\u094b\u0932\u093e, \u0939\u0947\u092a\u0947\u091f\u093e\u0907\u091f\u093f\u0938 C) \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947 (\u091f\u0940\u092c\u0940, \u092e\u0932\u0947\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e) \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092d\u0930\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u0936\u0941 \u0930\u094b\u0917 (\u092e\u0948\u0921 \u0915\u093e\u0909, \u092c\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u092b\u094d\u0932\u0942) \u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0941\u0915\u0938\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83d\udd0e <strong>\u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0939\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b &#8220;\u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e&#8221; \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0926\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0916\u0924\u0930\u093e \u0924\u092d\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u094b \u0916\u0924\u0930\u093e \u0939\u094b (\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u092f\u093e \u091c\u0928\u0924\u093e)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0916\u0924\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0939\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092e\u093e\u0932\u0926\u0940\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0928\u093e<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923 \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f HIV\/AIDS<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u091c\u093c\u0930\u0942\u0930\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Cooperative Security \u2013 Key Points<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Non-traditional threats (poverty, migration, epidemics) need <strong>cooperation<\/strong>, not war.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Military may help in <strong>terrorism\/human rights<\/strong>, but not in development issues.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>International cooperation<\/strong> (bilateral, regional, global) is more effective.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Involves:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>International bodies<\/strong> (UN, WHO, World Bank)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>NGOs<\/strong> (Red Cross, Amnesty)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Businesses &amp; individuals<\/strong> (e.g., Mandela, Mother Teresa)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Force may be used as <strong>last resort<\/strong>, and only with <strong>global consensus<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>India\u2019s Security Strategy \u2013 Main Components<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1. Military Strength<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Faced wars with <strong>Pakistan<\/strong> (1947, 1965, 1971, 1999) and <strong>China<\/strong> (1962).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Conducted nuclear tests in <strong>1974<\/strong> and <strong>1998<\/strong> for deterrence.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2. International Cooperation<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Supported <strong>disarmament, decolonization<\/strong>, and <strong>UN peacekeeping<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Promoted <strong>non-alignment<\/strong> and <strong>Kyoto Protocol<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Advocated for <strong>fair global economic order<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3. Internal Security<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Tackled militancy in <strong>Kashmir, Punjab, Northeast<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Used <strong>democracy<\/strong> for dialogue, inclusion, and development.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Emphasized <strong>unity, rights, and human development<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u2013 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0917\u0948\u0930-\u092a\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0916\u0924\u0930\u094b\u0902 (\u0917\u0930\u0940\u092c\u0940, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0938, \u092e\u0939\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0930\u0940) \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092a\u091f\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f <strong>\u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093c\u0930\u0942\u0930\u0924 \u0939\u0948, \u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0906\u0924\u0902\u0915\u0935\u093e\u0926\/\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong> (\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u092f, \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f, \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915) \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u090f\u0902<\/strong> (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 UN, WHO, World Bank)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0917\u0948\u0930-\u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928 (NGO)<\/strong> (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0930\u0947\u0921 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0938, \u090f\u092e\u0928\u0947\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0940)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u090f\u0902<\/strong> (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0947\u0932\u094d\u0938\u0928 \u092e\u0902\u0921\u0947\u0932\u093e, \u092e\u0926\u0930 \u091f\u0947\u0930\u0947\u0938\u093e)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092c\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u094b <strong>\u0906\u0916\u093f\u0930\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 <strong>\u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924\u093f<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0930\u0923\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u2013 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0918\u091f\u0915<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1. \u0938\u0948\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0928\u0947 <strong>\u092a\u093e\u0915\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0928<\/strong> (1947, 1965, 1971, 1999) \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u091a\u0940\u0928<\/strong> (1962) \u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0932\u0921\u093c\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>1974<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong>1998<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u090f, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092e\u091c\u092c\u0942\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0908\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2. \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0928\u093f\u0903\u0936\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u0909\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0935\u093e\u0926-\u0909\u0928\u094d\u092e\u0942\u0932\u0928<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u0936\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0917\u0941\u091f\u0928\u093f\u0930\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u091f\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0924 \u0915\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3. \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0936\u094d\u092e\u0940\u0930, \u092a\u0902\u091c\u093e\u092c \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930-\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092a\u091f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u093c\u0930\u093f\u090f \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926, \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u090f\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0926\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What is Security? Traditional Notions: External Focus Government Options in [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[178],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5127","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-15-minutes-class"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/apicalclasses.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5127","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/apicalclasses.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/apicalclasses.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/apicalclasses.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/apicalclasses.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5127"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/apicalclasses.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5127\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5140,"href":"https:\/\/apicalclasses.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5127\/revisions\/5140"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/apicalclasses.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5127"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/apicalclasses.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5127"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/apicalclasses.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5127"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}